Refer to pages 79 and 81 of the Formulae and Tables booklet when answering this question - Leaving Cert Chemistry - Question 5 - 2022
Question 5
Refer to pages 79 and 81 of the Formulae and Tables booklet when answering this question.
Linus Pauling calculated a set of electronegativity values and used them t... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Refer to pages 79 and 81 of the Formulae and Tables booklet when answering this question - Leaving Cert Chemistry - Question 5 - 2022
Step 1
Identify the type of bonding that arises (i) between the ions formed when atoms lose and gain electrons
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Answer
The type of bonding that arises between the ions formed when atoms lose and gain electrons is called ionic bonding.
Step 2
Identify the type of bonding that arises (ii) when atoms share electrons
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Answer
The type of bonding that arises when atoms share electrons is called covalent bonding.
Step 3
When two hydrogen atoms join to form a H₂ molecule, (iii) state whether the H atoms that bond achieve a noble gas arrangement of electrons
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Yes, when two hydrogen atoms join to form a H₂ molecule, each H atom achieves a noble gas arrangement of electrons, effectively having a full shell of 2 electrons.
Step 4
When two hydrogen atoms join to form a H₂ molecule, (iv) explain whether the octet rule is satisfied
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Answer
The octet rule is not applicable to hydrogen atoms, as they can only accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons in their valence shell. Thus, in the case of H₂, the electron configuration is satisfied with 2 electrons.
Step 5
Define electronegativity
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Electronegativity is the relative measure of attraction or tendency of an atom to attract shared pairs of electrons in a covalent bond.
Step 6
Write down the arrangement of electrons in the main energy levels in an atom of (i) sodium
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Answer
Sodium (Na) has the electron configuration:
Level 1: 2 electrons
Level 2: 8 electrons
Level 3: 1 electron
Written as: 2,8,1.
Step 7
Write down the arrangement of electrons in the main energy levels in an atom of (ii) fluorine
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Answer
Fluorine (F) has the electron configuration:
Level 1: 2 electrons
Level 2: 7 electrons
Written as: 2,7.
Step 8
Use electronegativity values to predict the type of bonding in sodium fluoride (NaF)
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Answer
In sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium has a lower electronegativity value compared to fluorine. The electron is transferred from sodium ion (Na⁺) to a fluorine atom (F), leading to ionic bonding.
Step 9
Explain how the bonding in NaF arises
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The bonding in NaF arises through the transfer of an electron from sodium (which loses an electron and becomes Na⁺) to fluorine (which gains an electron to become F⁻). This results in the formation of oppositely charged ions, which are held together by electrostatic forces.
Step 10
How many pairs of bonding electrons are there around the nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule?
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In an ammonia (NH₃) molecule, there are three pairs of bonding electrons around the nitrogen atom.
Step 11
What is the shape of an NH₃ molecule?
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The shape of an NH₃ molecule is trigonal pyramidal.
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